Article III

• The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain . . . (Section 1)
• The Judicial Power shall extend to all Cases . . . arising under this Constitution . . . to all Cases affecting Ambassadors . . . to Controversies between two or more States . . . . (Section 2)

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Standing

• Constitutional requirements
• Prudential limits

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Standing--Prudential limits

• Must litigate one’s own interests
• Grievances must be particular, not "generalized" matters best resolved by Congress (prudential per Allen; constitutional requirement per Lujan; uncertain per Akins)
• Litigant’s complaints must fall within the "zone of interests" protected by the law that is invoked

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Standing--Constitutional Requirements

• Personal and concrete injury, actual or imminent (injury in fact)
• Causal relationship between injury and defendant’s action
• Redressability of injury